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Strategic Decision Making Essay - 1925 Words

Strategic Decision Making (Essay Sample) Content: StrategicName:Professor:InstitutionStrategicIntroductionStrategic decision making is a fundamental skill that is essential for any successful executive. The decisions that are made at strategic level are often challenging and therefore require a lot of resources to be pulled together. Organizations often consider keenly the immediate surroundings; the political system influences how decisions will be made in the organization. Strategic decision making lies primarily on the strategy making. Typically the strategic decision making are put in place to increase the focus towards expanding the organization relevance.PurposeThe essay will discuss critically and analyze the statement of the essay pointing out various situations and relating them with the book à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Fool's Gold.' Additionally, the strategic decisions, how the strategies are made and the things that bring out sound decisions based on the strategies.Content and analysisAccording to the book, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Fool's Gold,' Tett (2010) illustrates the situation in which the concerned organization faced. The strategic decisions taken by JP Morgan points at the economic, financial crisis that resulted from the decision to take invented credit deviates which, were meant to be beneficial to the banks and the economy at large. Political system influences the decisions of the firm, Based on the book by Tett; it is apparent that the economic failure of the banks resulted from the poor use of instruments in mapping out the efficiency of the banks (Tett, 2010). Arguably, the manipulation received from outside; especially competing firms took risks that led to a near collapse of the financial system. Similarly, it is vital to note that bonding of ideas and resources brought a new kind of financial alchemy which ignited a revolution in the banking sector and showed how the revolution fell out of control.It is further vital to argue that strategic decision making is an all involving activity. For an organization to have a smooth undertaking of its tasks, the team leaders and supervisors show a keen observation of strategic technics in addressing the concerns of the organization. Decision-making process, therefore, is at the heart of the functions of the organization. The book analysis point out that JP Morgan knew that the credit worthiness of Exxon but the bank denied the bank the credit (Tett, 2010). Critically, the deeper perspective of the action shows that JP Morgan bank looked beyond the creditability of the Exxon. Exxon would need to have a large capital reserve which would generate little profit. Therefore, they were denied the loan. The competitive advantage enjoyed by JPM shows that the bank profitability exceeded that of the average profits of all other firms. In order to sustain the market dominance required the intervention of adopting working strategies is essential (Cyert Williams, 1993). For example, the introduction of pivotal innovation dubbed à ¢Ã¢ ‚ ¬Ã‹Å"Bistro' (Broad Index Secured Trust Offering). Arguably, the paradigm concerns various assumptions taken and the controversies which are no longer controversial, but rather instrumental.The realistic view of the strategic decision making and decision making itself involves a normative implication especially desired by the profit-seeking companies. According to the literature concerning decision making, Eisenhardt Zbaracki (1992) argues that strategic decision making shows the commitment of the resources or precedents set that will help in the zoning the infrequent decisions made. The synthesis of the theory point at the empirical support on the concurring debates.It is clear that the progress in the organization is highlighted by the comprehension of the strategic decision making. People are rational; however, they are not focused. Additionally, it is vital to note that the political system and perspective gives a compelling description of strategic decision making. An op portune time to take the chance of making the organization goals realized. Based on the book by Tett, the structure of the investment vehicles highlights the strategic making scenario. Just as Bistro helped in making the business gain a tentative activity in transferring the credit to the outside parties, which totaled to $9.7 billion in which JP Morgan had made to all the 307 companies.Decision making is all together crucial in making a strategic strategy work. The CDO (collateralized debt obligation) was an influential scheme. According to the financial perspectives, using the cost-benefit analysis tool, human beings depicted rationality and bounded rationality that influences the decisions on strategies.The financial gizmos and Machinations presented in the book highlight the challenges in securing the sector since there is difficulty in making ideal strategies. JP Morgan was responsible for the change of credit default swap responsible for the marketization. Critically, the str ategic implication depicts the essence of taking the lead in ensuring that the suggested and agreed strategies are put in place to ensure that smooth flow of the organization. As argued by Bourgeois (1988), it is paramount to make fast strategic decisions process especially at high-velocity environment. For example, in the book à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Fool's Gold,' JPMorgan did their best in the innovation and avoidance of disasters, they were responsible and prudent like the bad apples which were at most of the other banks.Complexity theorists Stacey (1995) have however argued that the performance of an organization is a collective form in which it is not based on the single decision, but the long-term outcome based on the entire history. Comprehensiveness measures the extent to which the alternatives are being sought. Similarly, crucial positive links between firm's performance and comprehensiveness are generated in a meta-analysis of the effective planning and strategy making process (Eis enhardt Zbaracki, 1992). The decisions taken indicate the extent in which long term opportunities are generated to curb the threats in the environment. Relating to the book, the industry showed the mandate to deliver quality results but due to the poor strategy generation in making decisions it resulted in the fall of the economy. The financial issues were as a result of poor choice of strategies. Effective strategies that guide organizations concerns proper planning and discussion of ideas in order to come up with effective strategies that would guide in decision making process for the prosperity of the organization. Therefore, the success of the organization will be guided along the strategies set by its management and experts.It is apparent, therefore, that the impact that sound strategies enacted will give a better result. As pointed in real life situation, many organizations fail to realize their ultimate goal. It is most contributed by the strategic management panel who fail to consider the tools that are instrumental in strategy setting. The book à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Fool's Gold' shows the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Morgan mafia' had zeroed in an idea that would accept default swaps. JPM crew made the idea of interest rate swap work. The motivation behind the strategic decision made was the need to have goals of greater rents and attacking regulations rather than having a mere à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"market.'The strategic modeling that took place after Chase Manhattan bought JPM in 2000 showed the modeling that was purposely meant for rebranding. Analytically, the new environment shows that the organization has undertaken changes concerning the strategic decisions. For example, the team members focus on the political leveraging in risk insurance in an aim to have a deregulatory lobbying. The robust framework in the analysis decisions remains the sole role of the management of the organization. The behavioral skills in support for strategic decisions and become alert on the systematic cognitive biases. Therefore, the need to have a clear set up of strategies.The argument of several economists takes readers behind the sights to the central sanctums of exclusive finance. The JPM bank illustrates a detailed, inclusive venerability of an investment bank. Tett argues that elites in several societies tend to maintain power not merely by gathering wealth but by domination of ideologies as well as deciding on things to discuss, analyze and things to avoid (Tett, 2010). As described by James Meek, 2009 the social silence surrounding the explosion of derivatives and wealth influenced by banking cadre, targeted to reinforce and construct a new power configuration and encouraged financiers to perceive their ventures as detached from the rest of the society.Tett continues to point out that, lack of holistic visualization of finance results to terrible consequences. The most disastrous of which have been the trap of families and individuals who had never heard of or embraced CDO (collateralized debt obligation) or an SIV (structured investment vehicle), but are currently suffering from the loss of savings. The book, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Fool's Gold' gives an in-depth description of how small group of bankers at JP Morgan designed the techniques that are pointed to be the source of exacerbating the financial crisis. Nevertheless, JP Morgan embraced strategic decision making in inventing credit derivatives which were meant to be advantageous to the economy especially to the banking system. Banking sector like any other sector is faced with challenges and competitions. Despite the fact that JP Morgan bank invented strategic tools to make banking more efficient, the tools were manipulated by other firms to almost cause collapse and undo risks of the financial system.As a matter of fact strategic decision-making is at the central of strategy making with decisions being the key to proper strategy. It is argued that there are several factors stimulating the q... Strategic Decision Making Essay - 1925 Words Strategic Decision Making (Essay Sample) Content: StrategicName:Professor:InstitutionStrategicIntroductionStrategic decision making is a fundamental skill that is essential for any successful executive. The decisions that are made at strategic level are often challenging and therefore require a lot of resources to be pulled together. Organizations often consider keenly the immediate surroundings; the political system influences how decisions will be made in the organization. Strategic decision making lies primarily on the strategy making. Typically the strategic decision making are put in place to increase the focus towards expanding the organization relevance.PurposeThe essay will discuss critically and analyze the statement of the essay pointing out various situations and relating them with the book à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Fool's Gold.' Additionally, the strategic decisions, how the strategies are made and the things that bring out sound decisions based on the strategies.Content and analysisAccording to the book, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Fool's Gold,' Tett (2010) illustrates the situation in which the concerned organization faced. The strategic decisions taken by JP Morgan points at the economic, financial crisis that resulted from the decision to take invented credit deviates which, were meant to be beneficial to the banks and the economy at large. Political system influences the decisions of the firm, Based on the book by Tett; it is apparent that the economic failure of the banks resulted from the poor use of instruments in mapping out the efficiency of the banks (Tett, 2010). Arguably, the manipulation received from outside; especially competing firms took risks that led to a near collapse of the financial system. Similarly, it is vital to note that bonding of ideas and resources brought a new kind of financial alchemy which ignited a revolution in the banking sector and showed how the revolution fell out of control.It is further vital to argue that strategic decision making is an all involving activity. For an organization to have a smooth undertaking of its tasks, the team leaders and supervisors show a keen observation of strategic technics in addressing the concerns of the organization. Decision-making process, therefore, is at the heart of the functions of the organization. The book analysis point out that JP Morgan knew that the credit worthiness of Exxon but the bank denied the bank the credit (Tett, 2010). Critically, the deeper perspective of the action shows that JP Morgan bank looked beyond the creditability of the Exxon. Exxon would need to have a large capital reserve which would generate little profit. Therefore, they were denied the loan. The competitive advantage enjoyed by JPM shows that the bank profitability exceeded that of the average profits of all other firms. In order to sustain the market dominance required the intervention of adopting working strategies is essential (Cyert Williams, 1993). For example, the introduction of pivotal innovation dubbed à ¢Ã¢ ‚ ¬Ã‹Å"Bistro' (Broad Index Secured Trust Offering). Arguably, the paradigm concerns various assumptions taken and the controversies which are no longer controversial, but rather instrumental.The realistic view of the strategic decision making and decision making itself involves a normative implication especially desired by the profit-seeking companies. According to the literature concerning decision making, Eisenhardt Zbaracki (1992) argues that strategic decision making shows the commitment of the resources or precedents set that will help in the zoning the infrequent decisions made. The synthesis of the theory point at the empirical support on the concurring debates.It is clear that the progress in the organization is highlighted by the comprehension of the strategic decision making. People are rational; however, they are not focused. Additionally, it is vital to note that the political system and perspective gives a compelling description of strategic decision making. An op portune time to take the chance of making the organization goals realized. Based on the book by Tett, the structure of the investment vehicles highlights the strategic making scenario. Just as Bistro helped in making the business gain a tentative activity in transferring the credit to the outside parties, which totaled to $9.7 billion in which JP Morgan had made to all the 307 companies.Decision making is all together crucial in making a strategic strategy work. The CDO (collateralized debt obligation) was an influential scheme. According to the financial perspectives, using the cost-benefit analysis tool, human beings depicted rationality and bounded rationality that influences the decisions on strategies.The financial gizmos and Machinations presented in the book highlight the challenges in securing the sector since there is difficulty in making ideal strategies. JP Morgan was responsible for the change of credit default swap responsible for the marketization. Critically, the str ategic implication depicts the essence of taking the lead in ensuring that the suggested and agreed strategies are put in place to ensure that smooth flow of the organization. As argued by Bourgeois (1988), it is paramount to make fast strategic decisions process especially at high-velocity environment. For example, in the book à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Fool's Gold,' JPMorgan did their best in the innovation and avoidance of disasters, they were responsible and prudent like the bad apples which were at most of the other banks.Complexity theorists Stacey (1995) have however argued that the performance of an organization is a collective form in which it is not based on the single decision, but the long-term outcome based on the entire history. Comprehensiveness measures the extent to which the alternatives are being sought. Similarly, crucial positive links between firm's performance and comprehensiveness are generated in a meta-analysis of the effective planning and strategy making process (Eis enhardt Zbaracki, 1992). The decisions taken indicate the extent in which long term opportunities are generated to curb the threats in the environment. Relating to the book, the industry showed the mandate to deliver quality results but due to the poor strategy generation in making decisions it resulted in the fall of the economy. The financial issues were as a result of poor choice of strategies. Effective strategies that guide organizations concerns proper planning and discussion of ideas in order to come up with effective strategies that would guide in decision making process for the prosperity of the organization. Therefore, the success of the organization will be guided along the strategies set by its management and experts.It is apparent, therefore, that the impact that sound strategies enacted will give a better result. As pointed in real life situation, many organizations fail to realize their ultimate goal. It is most contributed by the strategic management panel who fail to consider the tools that are instrumental in strategy setting. The book à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Fool's Gold' shows the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Morgan mafia' had zeroed in an idea that would accept default swaps. JPM crew made the idea of interest rate swap work. The motivation behind the strategic decision made was the need to have goals of greater rents and attacking regulations rather than having a mere à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"market.'The strategic modeling that took place after Chase Manhattan bought JPM in 2000 showed the modeling that was purposely meant for rebranding. Analytically, the new environment shows that the organization has undertaken changes concerning the strategic decisions. For example, the team members focus on the political leveraging in risk insurance in an aim to have a deregulatory lobbying. The robust framework in the analysis decisions remains the sole role of the management of the organization. The behavioral skills in support for strategic decisions and become alert on the systematic cognitive biases. Therefore, the need to have a clear set up of strategies.The argument of several economists takes readers behind the sights to the central sanctums of exclusive finance. The JPM bank illustrates a detailed, inclusive venerability of an investment bank. Tett argues that elites in several societies tend to maintain power not merely by gathering wealth but by domination of ideologies as well as deciding on things to discuss, analyze and things to avoid (Tett, 2010). As described by James Meek, 2009 the social silence surrounding the explosion of derivatives and wealth influenced by banking cadre, targeted to reinforce and construct a new power configuration and encouraged financiers to perceive their ventures as detached from the rest of the society.Tett continues to point out that, lack of holistic visualization of finance results to terrible consequences. The most disastrous of which have been the trap of families and individuals who had never heard of or embraced CDO (collateralized debt obligation) or an SIV (structured investment vehicle), but are currently suffering from the loss of savings. The book, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Fool's Gold' gives an in-depth description of how small group of bankers at JP Morgan designed the techniques that are pointed to be the source of exacerbating the financial crisis. Nevertheless, JP Morgan embraced strategic decision making in inventing credit derivatives which were meant to be advantageous to the economy especially to the banking system. Banking sector like any other sector is faced with challenges and competitions. Despite the fact that JP Morgan bank invented strategic tools to make banking more efficient, the tools were manipulated by other firms to almost cause collapse and undo risks of the financial system.As a matter of fact strategic decision-making is at the central of strategy making with decisions being the key to proper strategy. It is argued that there are several factors stimulating the q...

Dramatism in Composition Definition and Discussion

The Rights Of Minority Rights - 2011 Words

The founding fathers feared that setting up a democracy where the power is all in the hands of the majority would allow the majority to take control over everyone else in the country. This would directly cause a denial of rights of minorities. Thomas Jefferson said in his inaugural address, â€Å"All, too, will bear in mind this sacred principle, that though the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that will to be rightful must be reasonable; that the minority possess their equal rights, which equal law must protect, and to violate would be oppression†(1). Although defying majority rule may anger the people the government s most important duty is to protect minority rights rather than following majority rule. The worst result that could occur would be to deny minority rights because of a lack of government protection. Although a democracy is focused on majority rule the rights of the minorities must not be ignored. A principle of democracy is that everyone receives equal opportunities in order to fight to become the majority. By protecting minority rights we are protecting the individual. Our government was set up giving rights to every person so that everyone can have an equal opportunity. For example the right to freedom of speech gives minority groups the opportunity to voice their complaints and cause a positive change from the government. If minorities are not given the right to voice their opinion and fight to become a majority they will never be on an equalShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Minority Rights826 Words   |  4 Pagesthe rights of the minority groups. Some minority rights seem to conflict with liberal rights, for an example forcing women to stay home. (Freedman, 30 October 2017). 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These fathers included Thomas Jefferson who stated in his 1801 Inaugural Address for President of the United States, â€Å"All, too, will bear in mind this sacred principle, that though the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that will to be rightful must be reasonable; that the minority possess their equal rights, which equal law must protect, and to violate would be oppression.† DespiteRead Moreright and protection of interest of the minority shareholders6159 Words   |  25 Pagesï » ¿ Abstract This paper examines Rights and Protection of the Interest of the Minority Shareholders I will discuss the recent development, issues and legal practices in the subject in Bangladesh perspective as well as international. Rights of Minority Shareholder and protection of their rights is now talked topics as new problems are emerging regarding the issues. A few initiatives have taken by national level and problems are gradually increasing, therefore some recommendation has been prescribedRead MoreMinorities Affected By Civil And Equal Rights965 Words   |  4 PagesMinorities Affected by Civil and Equal Rights â€Å"The Times They Are A-Changin† is a lyrical poem written by Bob Dylan. â€Å"The Fear of Losing a Culture’ is an auto-biographical essay written by Richard Rodriguez. Both of these literary works have a shared theme of change and social conflict. However, both works were written at different times in history. There are similarities as well as differences between the two works. The shared theme of change for these two works is the change that is taking placeRead MoreA Brief Note On Civil Rights For Minorities Essay1873 Words   |  8 PagesKatherine Suarez Race in America Professor. 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Management Decision Model and Financial Management

Question: Justify the role of financial management in case of different projects and different situations? Answer: Introduction Financial management is the backbone for every organizations and individuals. It can be inferred that there are several methods of financial management that helps an organization to measure and monitor their financial structure effectively. This assignment will throw light upon the multiple capital budgeting tools and its several advantages and disadvantages. Apart from this, the assignment will also evaluate the appropriateness of cash management system and calculation of income of the financial sector of the organization will be evaluated. Part 1: The total receipts or collections of the organization Normas Cat Food is given as 5 million. It is also given that the new system of the organization will minimize the total collection period by 2.5 days and total period of disbursement will be maximized by 0.5 days or half days. The total difference between cash between collection and disbursements is coming as $2million. The total number of days is coming as three days. Therefore, the amount of freed-up finds is coming to be as $6million * 360/3 = $720 million per year. In the given case, the number of days is taken to be 360 in the year. The total amount of earnings is coming to be as 8 percent of the amount of freed-up finds which is equal to $57.6 million. If the new system worth $80000 is installed, then the expected return can be expected as $57.6 million- 80000 = $5.68 million. This is mainly because the total amount of incomes and freed-up amount is expected to be more than the amount of costs of the new machine. Part 2 There are quite a few capital budgeting techniques that can measure the feasibility of the project effectively. These are in terms of IRR, Payback and Net present value. It can be further inferred all the given tools and techniques can infer different values and conclusions towards a given project. The conflicting situation may arise due to the size of the given project effectively. Before accepting the feasibility of the given project, the financial manager and financial analyst of the project is required to calculate all the techniques with reference to capital budgeting. To analyze and implement the correct decision of the project, it is important to know the merits and demerits of the given capita budgeting techniques. Advantages of NPV The biggest advantage of net present value is that it helps to interpret the future value of the given project. It is based on the time value of money concept and also helps to find the suitability and feasibility of the given project. It is a cost effective method and can be implement in a simple manner. Another merit of the given method is that future amount of the given cash flows of the organization can be interpreted with the help of this method. The risk of the project can also be estimated with the given project (Brigham Ehrhardt, 2014) Disadvantages of NPV The biggest disadvantage of the method of Net Present value is that this method of capital budgeting totally ignores the size of the given project. In case of mutual exclusive projects, this method of capital budgeting can interpret wrong justifications in comparison to other methods of capital budgeting like IRR and payback period. In addition to this, the total amount and rate of cost of capital is assumed in this method of capital budgeting. IRR: Merits and Demerits The merit of this tool of capital budgeting is that it helps to interpret the value of investment in comparison with the rate of return of the project. It takes into consideration about all cash flows, risks and total time value of money of the project. It also considers the rate of cost of capital of a given project. These are the biggest merit of this method of capital budgeting. In terms of demerits, in case of change of discounting rate of cash flows, the organization may not evaluate the feasibility of the project through this method of IRR. A given project may also have more than 1 rate of returns. Therefore, it is another demerit of the given tool of capital budgeting method. Payback period (Pros and Cons) The advantage of the method of payback period is that it is extremely easier to calculate and it also helps to measure the liquidity of any given project. In addition to this, the risks and variances of the project can also be measured with the help of tools and technique of payback period method of capital budgeting. This method totally ignores the value of the given project or percentage of increase or decrease of the given project. This is one of the demerits of the given tool of capital budgeting. This method totally nullifies the measurement of time value of money and only takes into account about the period in which the total capital will be incurred with the given period of time. These are biggest disadvantage of this tool (Brigham Houston, 2004) From the above analysis, it can be deduced that since the results and interpretation of NPV is opposing and conflicting with the analysis of IRR and payback period, the projects can be considered as mutual exclusive projects. Net present value do not considers the size of any given project. In the given case, the project of the large corporation can be considered as huge and it is ignored by NPV. Therefore, the financial analyst of the project is required to accept the project as per the capital budgeting tools of IRR and payback period. Conclusion From the above analysis, the role of financial management in case of different projects and different situations has been justified. All the techniques of capital budgeting and financial management have been interpreted effectively. References Brigham, E., Ehrhardt, M. (2014). Financial management. Mason, Ohio: South-Western. Brigham, E., Houston, J. (2004). Fundamentals of financial management. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western.

Religion Conclusion free essay sample

In conclusion, after reading and observing all major religions of the world Oudaism, Christianity and Islam) are different in their concept of worshipping, fasting, festivals and tradition. I found one significant thing in all major religions that they believed in one God and accepts of God existence. No matter whom we are and belongs which religion but at end of the day we all standup on a single platform of one God. In Judaism, worship is only for God and God is everlasting with no concept of death and born. This is the same belief in Islam that Allah is eternal with no wife, and son, and nor son of others. In Christianity, God is one but in three different divine substance of Trinity. Jesus of Nazareth teaches that to perform the Lords Prayer by sacrificing our self toward God love and for all people. Jesus said that Humble men are very fortunate! For the Kingdom of Heaven is given to them. We will write a custom essay sample on Religion Conclusion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This part concludes that Jesus preached that serve our life for God and humanity for forgiveness their sins and offering a precious gift kingdom of a heaven. The Gospel of Matthew, page no: 82 20- 178). I also found similar names of prophet in major religions. Similar names but different in pronunciation. As Jesus in Christianity and Isa in Islam, Moses in Judaism and Musa in Islam, Jacob in Judaism and Yaqub in Islam. At last all the major religion prophets came into this world with a similar message and mission of one God worshiped and transfer God commands towards followers for their better success in both worlds. All prophets gave instructions for doing good deed to reach heaven and strictly restrict not to perform sin. Furthermore, all major religions festivals give the message of happiness in our life by obeying God commands in certain manners. I also observed that all religious festivals make you closer towards God and make you strong in belief of your religion. Being a follower ofa religion will make you a unique person in the society and not only make you a person but more over make you a better human. I believed that a true religion is that who gave a message of oneness, equality, peace and humanity. The best religion which makes you a better human than a religious person. The upreme religion which teach you to serve our life for human welfare, help and support them without any discrimination. The great religion which guide you to walk on straight path of deed and revoke you from doing sin, the perfect religion which tells you to feel others pain and more respectful and humble to your parents in a lovely manner. Moreover, the best religion which command you to help poor people and orphans by providing necessary facilities of daily life. The most interesting, important and valuable things that I learned from all major religions that offerings rayers regularly which give you peace of mind. Remembering God in our life will make our heart and soul pure of divine light, getting guidance through teachings of your health. Good character and thinking about equality in every aspect of life where the color and race does not matter in your life. The guidance by the word of God (Quran, Torah and Bible) and the teachings of prophet will lead us to live life in this world with great comfort and the best religion to follow and achieve success everywhere. The most valuable things in Islam are the respect for Women, family and chieving good behavior and character. I feel blessed following this religion and I am blessed to born and die in the same religion because the meaning of Islam is peace and the biggest earning in life to earn peace in life, which I got it from birth and I will die in peace following the same religion. In last words, all religion teaches us about to truthful talk and helps others without any unfairness. This will make a better society and all religions preach that to develop the world with humankind and moral education.

Radio Essays - Radio Electronics, Broadcast Engineering, Free Essays

Radio Essays - Radio Electronics, Broadcast Engineering, Free Essays Radio HISTORY Towards the end of the 19th century scientists were attempting to send messages over distances without wires. They were not searching for a means of mass-communication, but simply exploring the possibility of using electromagnetic waves in order to communicate between two fixed points. There in no single inventor of radio, it came from several international developments. The pioneers of radio studied the work of a British physicist James Clerk Maxwell, who published his theory of electromagnetic waves in 1873. It was the German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz who first generated such waves electrically. Although, the waves he came up with were unable to travel large distances. It was an Italian electrician and inventor Guglielmo Marconi who succeeded in developing both a suitable receiver and an improved spark oscillator, which was connected to an effective antenna to transmit radio waves over significant distances. In 1896 Marconi transmitted signals for a distance greater than 1.6 km. Within a year of his first demonstration he transmitted signals from shore to a ship at sea 29 km away. In 1899 he established commercial communication between England and France, and in 1901 he succeeded in sending a simple message across the Atlantic. This was still only wireless transmission of signals rather than wireless transmission of sound itself. On Christmas Eve in 1906 an American, Reginald Fessenden, managed to transmit speech and music over several hundred miles out to sea. Over the next few years other demonstrations followed in the United States, Britain, and Europe. The combination of continuous signals being sent out from transmitters and more sensitive receivers laid the technical basis for more wide-scale listening, but there was in the years still little appreciation of the mediums social possibilities. Radio was thought of private means of point-to-point communication, rather than public means of mass communication. The first significant users of radio coastal, marine, army, and intelligence services were, however, content with this approach. Both British and Germans using radio to communicate to naval forces from the outset, and governments commandeering all wireless stations, seemed to entrench this pattern. World War 1 also motivated technical research. In the interwar years, cinema and popular newspapers were already providing ever larger numbers of people with entertainment and information on a national scale. Individuals were being conceived in large numbers and this meant mass markets for all sorts of consumer goods. So when the early wireless amateurs demanded something to listen to, companies such as Marconi in Britain and the General Electric Company and Westinghouse in America were keen to produce radio receivers. The useful function involved in a radio is that you can tune your radio to a radio station by using the control knob on the radio. On a standard radio there are two bands you can switch to AM and FM. FM stands for frequency modulation, and AM stands for, amplitude modulation. The difference between the two bands are the way they are broadcasted. AM is being amplitude modulation the pitch of the radio waves are based on the amplitude of the wave. So for example the higher the amplitude the higher the pitch the radio will receive. As for FM because the waves arent based on the amplitude they are based on the frequency of the waves. So the more frequent the waves are the higher the pitch of the sound. A radio works by using an antenna, which intercepts part of the radio waves. A signal voltage across the coil induces a voltage in the coil, the frequency (AM, FM) is then chosen by the variable capacitor. The capacitor in my circuit is only tuned for AM. Then the frequency comes out of the capacitor and into the transistor, which you use to tune your radio to a station on that frequency. The average electrical power used is:

Strategy, Business Information and Analysis Assignment

Strategy, Business Information and Analysis - Assignment Example It will be a critical section creating strong fundamentals so that further extensive study will be easier. The second section will talk about critical risks associated with blue ocean strategy as well as alternative models which define the overall strategy. The third section will describe various strategic management theories and strategies and their relationship with blue ocean strategy. The section will also describe ways to overcome the limitations associated with each of these strategies through application of Blue Ocean Strategy. The overall objective of the strategy is to understand the importance of blue ocean strategy and the relevance of its application in current scenarios. Contents 1.Introduction 4 2.Section One 5 2.a. Logic of Blue Ocean Strategy 5 2.b. Listing non-consumers-/non buyers 5 2.c. Sequence of BOS 6 2.d. Buyer experience Cycle 6 2.e. Strategy Canvas 7 2.f. ERRC Grid 7 2.g. To be canvas 8 3.Section Two 8 Critical risks of Blue Ocean Strategy 8 Outside versus in side out strategy 9 Emergent versus rational strategy 10 Adoption process 10 Learning approach 11 4.Section Three 11 Disadvantages of Blue ocean strategy 11 Porter’s Generic Strategy 12 Ansoff’s Matrix 12 Disruptive Innovation 13 Experience Innovation 13 Scenario planning 14 Conclusion 14 Reference List 16 1. Introduction Strategy has been implicitly used in various ways, even though the traditional definition is limited. The 5 Ps of strategy were first coined by Mintzberg (1992); plan, ploy, pattern, position and perspective. Understanding and implementing these elements helps organizations in developing practical, robust and successful strategies for business. Nestle is one of the renowned food manufacturing companies across the globe. It was founded in the year 1865 by Henri, with initial focus on infant nutrition and later, expanded into other confectionary and milk-based products. Nestle has continuously focussed on its core products while diversifying into new an d emerging categories. Nestle company has been chosen for applying the logic of blue ocean strategy because of the extreme industry rivalry as well as maturity of the market. As a result of the constant growth of local competitors, new emerging companies and decreasing demands among consumers, profit margins have become low (Hollensen, 2007). A simultaneous retailer and distributor consolidation has helped in raising their power of bargaining against plethora of wine producers. Fiery battles are fought for distribution and retail space. With no surprise, companies which are weak and poorly run are swept aside. In order to hold its grounds as well as create a sustainable competition, Nestle could think of implementing blue ocean strategy (BOS) as an initiative. Downward pressure on prices of low involvement food products has crept in. BOS could help in creating sustainable differentiation to the company compared to its competitors. 2. Section One 2.a. Logic of Blue Ocean Strategy Foo d manufacturing around the globe consists of an array of industries, differing in inputs and produced goods. In the current scenario, competition is the major concern for Nestle. Food markets as well as ingredient suppliers are facing pressure in terms of higher commodities as well as shelf prices. The fundamental logic of BOS is that it provides high amount of profit growth at lower risk and is applicable to even those industries which are

Culture's social networks and social support in culture context Assignment

Culture's social networks and social support in culture context - Assignment Example These social networks and social support exist as a meshwork that connects individuals or institutions. The social sphere in the society greatly modifies the pattern of development and competencies of the children in later life. This gives an assurance of good life when they become adults. It is noteworthy that the exposure of these gadgets to the children brings heterogeneous outcomes that manifest themselves on how the child develops in the society. These outcomes may be of positive or negative consequences to the child and may even breed total distraction from the culture the society. The other immediate source of social development takes place when children interact with their parents. It is imperative that children copy lifestyles from the family members and make them permanent habits. The ethics and culture of the society are impeded in the family members. In this regard, the type of bonding activities between the family members and the children has a lifelong effect in shaping the infants’ future in the society (Tietjen 101). It is evident that by selectively exposing the child to diverse social networks, the child gets equipped with diverse life skills that shall be very useful in

Construction of femininity Essay Example for Free

Construction of femininity Essay The very titles of both plays, Gertrude, The Cry and Ophelia Thinks Harder offer the grounds for the presumption that the central theme is related to a woman. Furthermore, in the light of postmodernism one may presuppose to read the revisionary approach on the womans question. Now when Gertrude and Ophelia have become the archetypes, their reading in the postmodernist works gives the possibility to understand the principles of the latest tendencies of the literature. The play expresses the modern understanding of Hamlet by throwing the light upon the subjects that were left enigmatic by Shakespeare. Reading the archetypes in the modern adaptations allow a better understanding of postmodernism. The study’s focus is the representations of Shakespearean Hamlet women in the modern plays. Despite a series of transgressive forms of language in both literary pieces (in particular in Barkers), the plain-spoken parody on the original play, the focus on the problem and the atmosphere of femininity appear close to original Shakespeare. The atmosphere around femininity in both plays seem more authentic to the heroes of original Hamlet that for example in the representations of 19th [1] century when the femininity was a cult and the femininity of Ophelia was the idyllic example. Is it the genius of Shakespeare to create a play that seems to have constantly the necessity to be unveiled? Is it the work of poststructuralist philosophers that influenced the postmodern authors to re-understand the women in Shakespeares literature? Has the urgency of rethinking of the female role through rethinking the femininity finally found its proper reflection in the fiction? Of course, Gertrude and Ophelia represent different and sometimes quite the opposite female types. Gertrude is in her maturity while Ophelia is in her puberty. This difference gives the opportunity to study the whole picture of femininity on different levels. To make the picture complete, both authors introduce new feminine characters. In order not to eclipse Gertrude, Barker omits Ophelia in his adaptation; however he introduces Isola, Claudius mother and Ragusa, somewhere at Ophelias place. As for Betts, there are Maid and Virgin Mary; however the plot is formed in a way that to the end of the play there are more female characters than male. Gertrude and Ophelia characters symbolize the eternal problems that women are facing. Different as they are, they always converge. And the study of both of them is necessary for this course of effort to bring the answers to the questions raised above. The philosophical debates over essentialism and femininity, the problems of gender, the rethinking of its ontological construction, the post-structuralism and the deconstruction have been largely introduced in the course of the 20th century [2]. Although, they have some differences in approach, commonly they agree that the femininity is to be socially constructed. It is rather clear that both postmodern writings of Barker and Betts could possibly not disregard these approaches when writing on women. Moreover they are industriously participating in the debates. For example, the plot Ophelia Thinks Harder is explicitly under-wound on gender construction. Barker is focusing more on the relation of femininity and the power. Betts claim on Queen: â€Å"We have to work at being women (Queen,3,17) highlights the coercive nature of femininity and can recall one the Beauvoir’s famous claim that one is not born, but rather becomes a woman[3]. Femininity construction in the conventional understanding is regarded as the the art that [all the heterosexual women] must master(Queen, Scene 3, p. 16). It is quite natural that all the compulsory is to be criticized in the western democratic society. However the femininity is compelled so slight and subtle that one can possibly not be aware of it. But the outcome of this compelled femininity can be more dangerous to the point that one can believe and can touch all the levels of human being. This is what this study will attempt to highlight in this work. It is sad to mark that this is the prevailing philosophy as for gender problems finds its supporters mainly in the homosexual ranges. [4] With all my respect for the diversity, in some cases it is like Barkers Hamlet who will write the Book of Love whilst having never oh not ever loved (Hamlet, Scene 13, p. 55). While the heterosexual women suffer of so many not less urgent problems of no solution. What is the role for example of the philosophy on gender, treating the problems of femininity in the issue of domestic violence. A 1992 Council of Europe study on domestic violence against women found that one in four women experience domestic violence over their lifetimes, 400 hundred women die because of their partner’s violence every year [5]. Generally speaking, the contemporary philosophical orientation is hardly finding something constructive to propose at least for heterosexual women leaving the contradiction unresolved. Efrat Tseelon criticizes the modern authors regarding the womans question in The Masque of Femininity: â€Å"My claim is that this tradition covers very different theoretical explanations. It ranges from mythological and theological descriptions which define the essence of a woman as dissimulation, to psychoanalytic accounts and contemporary social theory which define the essence of femininity as an inessential social construction[6]. Majority of the postmodern writers and philosophers, who are focusing on femininity, give the answers principally on the deconstruction of gender. Some tendencies for internationalized feminism take into consideration the women of the third world situations as highly appreciable [7]. However, similar problems in the western society do not have the sufficient treat. Even if theories exist, they are too difficult to adopt in real life for the heterosexual majority of women as it is proved in Ophelia Thinks Harder. In this context literary works treating questions concerning women again become more important. They are indispensable in understanding femininity in modern terms. Inasmuch as studying them contributes to the working on the consciousness. And it is due to the quality of the literature independent of the conventional construction or philosophical trends and largely contributing into both, to intersect the theory and the real life. Whereas Howard Barker’s intentions are rather cryptic, Jean Betts provides the both in her work: her work is full of incomparable imagination, she provides the historical and philosophical data from Aristotle to Queen Elizabeth and the outline of Christian thought over femininity and she evokes for the representations of women in all the dimensions. Of course such approach helps her preliminarily to put some light on the original character of Shakespearean Ophelia by the introduction of the thought on femininity in the period when Shakespeare created Ophelia, the post-Elizabethan period, the beginning of the 17th century. This information in the guise of fiction makes apparent the true reason of Shakespearean Ophelias collapse. Women were regarded as physiologically â€Å"failed men† as a product of incomplete development caused by insufficient generative heat in the womb. They were seen as the effeminate man, the aberrations of effeminacy. Womans sexuality was thought of almost a separate organism within the woman, with a will – womb[8]. Calling back to these perversions in the postmodernist frame allows the reader to question the hegemonic cultural discourse of nowadays. Whereas Betts is trying in her own words to help to dismantle some of the foundations of this deeply buried prejudice against women, (Writers Notes, Ophelia Thinks Harder), Barker is focusing more on the sexuality of the femininity as the power and the tragic outcome of the excess of the femininity and feminine sexuality. He questions the verity of the sexual feminine liberation and if it really liberates the woman. Undoubtedly a certain sexual feminine liberation has become a part of the conventional construction of femininity. However, there is no seamless category of conventional femininity, no for femininity as there is no seamless category for the woman. The very subject of women is no longer understood in stable or abiding terms[9]. The best possible definition for the conventional femininity gives Betts’s Gertrude: display her wares youll dazzle them all a fantastical cosmetic and corset fitting process; e. g. Eyebrow plucking, leg waxing, arm oiling, nails, garish face mask, fierce corsetry, grossly padded bra, chastity belt, etc You will delight, but not over-excite. a pure sweet, submissive little virgin The conventional femininity is double-faced. Having Chaste Mary as an ideal, the feminine best culmination is â€Å"to play the cards right. What Ragusa has actually performed. † marriage is the greatest moment in a womans life to be a bride the day of all days † (Ragusa, Scene 15, p. 63). Trying her best to construct the feminine self, she married Hamlet and inherited the throne after his death. Ophelias Mother suggests: â€Å"women are treacherous, sly, scheming, deceitful †. Even making children in the conventional understanding of the femininity is corresponded to please or manipulate man: â€Å"They want kids, do it. They dont – well come to me and Ill help you when the time comes. ; A woman with a son is powerful. (Queen, Scene 3, p. 17; 19) However, in the original version Gertrude had nothing but sufferance and the collapse of her life because of her son, who did not accept her mode of life. The response is paradoxically given by the same all feminine Betts Gertrude: -and we are inconsiderate enough not to give a shit what driveling adolescents like you think. (Queen, Scene 7, p. 54). Of course, Barkers power of Gertrude is certainly far from her bearing a son. Unmasking the masquerade Insomuch as the womans question is to be read the titles of both plays, the unthought-of before or rethought (thinks harder) and a sore utterance of the extreme feelings (the cry) are manifesting. Shakespearean women thus have a chance to cry out their repressed truths. It is absolutely normal when taking in consideration the historic-cultural context of the role of gender in the Shakespearean period that women like Gertrude and Ophelia, were shown and identified by their relation to men. It is of the great achievements of Shakespeare to draw the remarried widow as the tragic hero when for playwrights of the early modern period, a remarrying widow was a subject for comedy[10]. Today, in the light of deconstruction, what was identified as the feminine can turn to be masculine and vice-versa theoretically [11]. Practically, the process of choosing the gender is not without the desperate torments. The femininity as the obstruction to the knowledge in Betts version and the extreme feminine sexuality of as the pseudo pluck of the apple of forbidden knowledge in Barkers are the central themes in the plays. Betts Ophelia hence thinks harder than the original Shakespearean one. What does this possibility to think or to rethink presents for the female? Shakespearean Ophelia’s life was predicated by what men around her thought. Her father and brother decided how she should behave herself. Hamlet’s refusal of her was fatal. Betts offers Ophelia the choice to think herself for her life, what will it turn to? As for Gertrude, will her cry hush the desperate attempts of Hamlet to de-sexualize her? Is the cry the horror and sexual pleasure of her femininity or does it stand over female and masculine categories? Modern Shakespeare suggests that Gertrudes flagrancy, her over sexualized femininity cost the life of another feminine innocent Ophelia [12]. Indeed desire and death go traditionally together as proved above, but what is the place of the femininity in desire? Even if it is true, why should the feminine sexual desire be identified with femininity? And why should the masculine desire excuse itself by femininity? In Betts rewriting, Ophelia is in the same cultural context, the oppressed woman, the same â€Å"mad fool† (Queen, 7, 52) boyfriend Hamlet. It should therefore come as no surprise, that her desperate attempts of thinking meet the terrible attacks from all the members of the society. To condemn these attempts on failure, they take an argument that thinking is not feminine, accusing Ophelia of not being feminine. Throughout the play Betts is proving that the imposed conventional femininity is an instrument to prevent the woman to think. She focuses in particular on why thinking for a woman is so dangerous in the conventional understanding. The power stands for the explanation and certainly not a psychotic clown who sets the rules. The power serves as the relationship between individuals. The one who possesses the knowledge possesses the power. Isn’t after overcoming the conventional femininity and get educated that: â€Å"we dress up to learn, to write, to get published be lawyers, doctors, lead armies, run countries † (RG, Scene 8) that the gender war is foreseen to happen: â€Å"I see strife; I see gender war; I see the initial X†(First Woman 4, 26). At first glance, Barkers Gertrude possesses the power. She is evidently more delighted with her sexual power than the political one that she posses with her statute of the queen. From her comes out the cry, the extreme point of ever possible desire and pleasure and of horror. The extreme desire is always conventionally associated with sin as well as with feminine. This is evident in the story of Adam and Eve, the first man and woman. The first sin has become sexualized with Eve’s violation of God’s specific instruction [13] The Cry is like the reproduction of the first sentiment that the new sinful world lived: the desire and the horror. Gertrude possesses this cry. Is the extreme femininity the way to posses the cry or does it come out of the brain that has no binary category? â€Å"MY BRAIN IS WHERE DESIRE IS† (Hamlet 5, 28) Where is the place of the intellect in the conventional construction of the femininity? Knowledge and desire go together. As mentioned above was it not for the desire of knowledge that the first sin occurred? Therefore, knowledge is interpreted as unnatural to female. As the epigraph to Ophelia Thinks Harder proposes: Laborious learning or painful pondering, even if woman should greatly succeed in it, destroy the merits that are proper to her sex (Kant). In the course of all these tormenting moments of thinking, Betts’ Ophelia is read as what is in the psychoanalytic terms called bisexual: not feminine, not masculine. At least she is resisting to become feminine. Before getting down on why she is refusing the conventional femininity, one should clearly make the difference between the biological sex and the socially constructed femininity or masculinity. Freud claims that the child is born bisexual and femininity or masculinity is constructed [14]. Following the psychological steps related to his parents the child develops his/her masculinity/femininity. Then as it is developing it is influenced by the socio cultural frames. Together with the theory of deconstruction they would consider us to read Ophelia bisexual. Indeed she claims that she does not want to be the man, nor the woman (Scene 3, 17). However her bisexuality is also determined by the social frames. She does not want not to be the man, nor the woman because she does not want to be seen like conventional feminine or masculine. The conventional understanding of the femininity does not correspond to her individuality. Hence, she is refusing the conventional notion of being feminine: â€Å"Behavior as instinctive as a cats with a bird † (Hamlet, Scene 1, p. 3); â€Å" viper like Eve would arouse in him evil and lust (Hamlet, Scene 4, p. 29) or â€Å"The lady doth protest too much†(III,ii,225) She is refusing to be tough and try to corrupt the man she is not. She is refusing to be tough to be overwhelmed with her sexuality as something shameful. â€Å" Hormones, cycles of blood, reproductive turmoil-you are flushed with your female destiny-you are adulated, euphoric-yes-you are clearly in love † (Hamlet, Scene 1, p. 3). If choosing gender in the natural way is as impossible as it was in the original version and if we know that the femininity is rooted in the social construction is it left to the society to decide if she becomes a normal woman [feminine]? Is there a solution to stand out the opinion of the society? On one hand Barkers Gertrude is independent from the societys opinion, on the other she is strongly dependent on others, as she needs to astonish. The conflict in Ophelia Thinks Harder lies in Ophelia’s resistance to the psychic subordination of the conventional. Being female, according to the social conventions her body must be superior to her mind, while the masculinity would be gifted with mind and femininity with body. Ophelia is forced to be separated from her mind and to delight and be delighted by her feminine body. She is not abnormal or exceptional. â€Å"The thousands of us† (Scene 8, p. 66) had to disguise as men to be disjoined from their minds. Judith Butler is decisive upon Beauvoir proposal that the female body ought to be the situation and the instrumentality of the womans freedom, not a defining and limiting essence [15]. She writes: â€Å"In the philosophical tradition that begins with Plato and continues through Descartes, Husserl, and Sartre, the ontological distinction between soul (consciousness, mind) and body invariably supports relations of political and psychic subordination and hierarchy†. While Betts uncovers the diverse and dissimilar states of female’s self-construction, Barker is focusing on the exploration of the body. Helen Cixous is speaking about the writing of the female body [16]. Quite in a similar way, Barker is studying the possibility of â€Å"learning to approach their [womens] own forbidden bodies†. Indeed one can mark the parallel even in the titles with The Laughter of Medusa and Gertrude The Cry. Barkers Gertrude claim â€Å"I’ve made an instrument out of my body (Scene 14, p. 62). Gertrude explores and perceives the knowledge through the possibilities of her body. Of course Barker has not invented that Gertrude is exploring her sexuality. Shakespearean theme is also read in Betts: â€Å"it may come as a shock, little boy, but quite a lot a lot of people over 30 fondle each other. Oh yes; Claudius and I HAVE SEX. (Queen, Scene 7, p. 54).